Reading: The Sovereign State
The State
No, not Texas, Oregon, Vermont . . . Those are states, but “a
state” is something more than that.
A state is a body of people, living in a defined space, with the power to make and enforce
laws, and with an organization to do this.
A state does not have to check with any higher authority in order to make and enforce
laws. Its own organization, or government, is its highest authority.
Population
A population is the group of people who are the members or citizens of a
state.
A population can be large or small. China has a population of more than
1.3 billion people, while the island state of Fiji has just over 860,000.
The population of a state also has a variety of features.
The population might be mainly rural or mostly urban.
A state’s economic situation might mean most people are very poor, with little access to electricity or even water.
Or the people might be generally wealthy, enjoying modern homes, running water,
and the latest technology. Often this is connected to the level of education most people within the population have achieved.
Populations also have their own cultural traditions, and they usually speak a common language
Territory
A state’s territory is the area in which a state’s rule applies. A state must
have set boundaries. However, countries do not always agree on what each
other’s boundaries are.
Boundaries can change over time. Sometimes they change after a war,
when the states involved agree on new boundaries. When there is a
dispute, states might also negotiate with each other to decide what the
actual boundaries should be. Finally, states can purchase territory from
other states, although this is less common today than it was in the past. In
1867, the U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty (pronounced SAW-vren-tee) is the ability to rule absolutely
within a territory. The principle of sovereignty means that all states are
considered equal to each other, and no state may interfere in the affairs
of another state. In reality, the world’s states have created a higher
authority, called the United Nations. States agree to follow the UN’s rules
for dealing with each other — but they don’t have to follow them.
Sovereign states are free to set their own foreign policy, meaning the
kind of relationships they will have with other states. States also have
the power to decide how things will operate inside their own boundaries.
Today, though, if a state is unable to keep its population safe and many
people are being killed—perhaps even by the government—the UN
allows other states to use military force to protect the population.
Government
A government is the organization inside a state that controls the
actions and policies of the state. A government has four main roles.
First a government makes laws. In this role, the government provides
rules for how things inside the state are run. A government is also
responsible for protecting the state. In this role, the government
provides a military to defend the state against outside attack. Third, a
government keeps order inside the state. It does this by establishing
law enforcement agencies that deal with criminal activity. Finally, a
government usually helps its citizens by providing services people
need. This can be anything from a post office to paving streets to
providing health care or unemployment benefits.
Complete the guided notes as you read the text, The Sovereign State, a second time.
